2 European TVNational broadcasters. CountriesFrance&The political control of News editors.Restructuring by Mitterrand. Why Berlusconi? Berlusconi. Friend of Craxi, introduced to Mitterrand. Murdoch character? Builder- started cabling his huge blocks in Milan. Restructuring by Chirac. Berlusconi survives? Influenced by UK set-up?How did AT2 make a profit?!Leotard- Culture and Information.Hersant. LagardereFrench history.Started in xxxx. Usual French tech leap to xxx lines. Politicised since when? How did the Front Populaire treat the broadcasters?0De Gaulle pressers. Appeals to the nation: xxxx?&Pompidou. Embourgeoisement de la Tele?MGiscard and the competitive state networks. Separating the production houses. Pay channel?,Dr. R******** K***** QMC xxx xxxx (Politics)$No public service concept as BBC/ITVEBBC/ITV have some legitimacy in British society, and some real power.Not so in France or Italy.BBright people don't want to go into TV. They'd rather go into ENA.French TV very parasitic. "Apostrophes" as an important programme. The French intellos. The public aren't like that- a certain kind of elitism. TV never used for the dissemination of mass culture. Academie et Apostrophes. Culture comes from books etc- from outside the medium.But there is no good original drama or comedy- no serious contemporary plays. They have never done a TV history of TV. Not even written- first one being written now, by Jerome Bourdon, Institut National de l'Audiovisuel, Brie-sur-Marne.,Canal x. Games-films-sport and news flashes.=Canal x. Pop videos. Music programmes- (Saturday Superstore).Canal x attribution held to be legal, in early July a law will call this attribution into question. BUT puts Berlusconi into good position; he would probably get huge damages if they withdrew his concession, and this puts him into good shape to bid for TFx. They don't want him to get it, but because the Canal 5 attribution was so dubious they would find it embarrassing to do anything obvious.GThere's an assumption that there will be a political slant to the news.Broadcasting is seen as an important tool of government. Good for patronage. Chirac made quite crude threats about the broadcasters changing their attitude- but so far there haven't been the usual wholesale purges.The strongly statist systems such as the French are now blowing away with hardly any resistance. Brittle. UK system went through tempering process with coming of ITV.People to talk to5J******* B******* -INA x-xx.xx.xx.xx Home xx.xx.xx.xx Writing history of broadcasting.Greatest autonomy came for radio under xth republic- governments came and went, and had no time to deal with the media. The administrators outstayed the politicians. All this changed when political stability came.1Gaullists had almost East European concept of TV.4Nominations became common in '60s. Gone on till now.&'68 introduced publicity. Also a thaw.uPublicity opposed by Sozis, but in 76-7 they felt they couldn't increase the licence fee, and so supported publicity.Same for private TV now.Ideas whose time has come,C'69-'72 thaw. Desgraupes running news on AT1. Liberal Chaban-Delmasperiod.'72 contre-coup.Sozis in '81. Much the same to start with. Intervened strongly, put their men in. Journalists very pro-govt as reaction to the RPR years.^Then the Haute Autorite. Nominated network chiefs. Did Govt pressure act through the Autorite?4Desgraupes head of AT2 '81 to '84. More independent.qNow, new Commission's job is more difficult, because of bigger private sector. Hate Autorite had done a good job.<E******* B******** Newsweek Cultural Ed.x-xxxxxxxx/Hxxxxxxxx$French TV. Huge inferiority complex.(In UK, brightest and best go to BBC/ITV.Never true in France.Bicoz low reputation & pay.7Few creative opportunities. Almost no indigenous drama.NCompared to UK, News of lower standard and frequency. C.A radio with pictures.Hand of government less obvious than it once was. East European under de Gaulle. Now much freer, but very very sensitive- who goes on, what do they say, how much time does each party get? Great pressure on News men..BUT telephone no longer rings in the newsroom.fBUT in '81 heads of channels were replaced, and heads of news channels replaced wiith Mitterrand men.-Now waiting to see what happens under Chirac.TTFx most colonised by Mitterrand, also most in deficit. Privatising kills two birds.HHaute Autorite gave Mitterrand an alibi- could claim it wasn't his hand.iBut freedom has been growing over the decade. New commission should continue this movement- new attitude.IPrivate channels are a movement- Giscard now says he wishes he'd done it.1Ads everywhere. Even for Renault on Radio France.CCanal x- Mindless old US tat. Video clips. No original programming.FChirac says because there was no open bid for C5, he would rescind the^Berlusconi concession. Berlusconi says he'd sue, but the Govt could tie the case up for years.EDesgraupes did "5 Colonnes a la Une". Chose his men well in '69-'72.FOkrent. When govt appointed new news head on AT2 she clashed and left.6Michel Souchon -TFx audience measurement.x-xx.xx.xx.xx)Total audience for measurements is xx.xm.nLa x. xx% can receive properly. Among these, xx% penetration. Greater than FRx. Four hour cycle of programmes.GNo new audience- takes from whichever is xnd place channel at the time.Movies forbidden them, so have stripped US telefilm series. Variety hasn't caught on. Too much Italian Spectacolo Hollywood style for the1French audience. Little work for local producers.FCanal + has done well in its zone- better than expected. xm. decoders. General audiences. Greatest are: Feature filmsVarieties (Friday evening does well). And Cocoricoboy has raised the audience in early evening- at huge cost. xx mins for x-xxx,xxx francs.YHad to happen after TFx had lost huge part of audience to ATx, after xxxx reorganisation.+Split: TFx ahead till xxxx, then ATx ahead.}Canal x coverage xx-xx%. Audience too small to measure. Does not officially start till the autumn. Presumably now never will.YBoth commercial chains will be put out to tender again, presumably (La x certainly will).?State chaines. TFx. Current affairs- the only reporting show isC"Infovision", in collaboration with SSR "Temps Present". Thursdays.-"Question a Domicile". Humanise a politician.DATx "L'Heure de Verite". -Meet the Press.- Good discussion. xx mins. Gets xx-xx%.Privatisation worries for TFx. News has xxx journos and cameramen. By using outside sources only you could make to with xx. "The audience wouldn't see much difference on the screen, but it wouldn't be our reporting any more."+Berlusconi is quick at the scheduling game."Apostrophes". xx-xx% audience.IFRx. 'xx returned to regionalism. Very expensive service. A huge problem.cAdverts- average over day is xx mins. But the afternoon is out of quota, so there are more adverts.#ATx has lower costs- is better run.H'xx TFx new men wanted to raise the tone of TV. Put higher brow films onat peak time. Didn't work.Desgraupes did some quick programming on ATx and took TFx to the cleaners. TFx kept "Droit de Reponse" at Sat peak time, kept youth progs on Sat afternoon when none of the target audience were in.EBourges arrived to sort it all out. Spent like there was no tomorrow.GCocoricoboy. High price audience building, have got back to parity withATx.CSoap operas. None. TFx "Famille Barjod". Comic. Terrible. Taken offH('xx). Dallas/Dynasty (FRx) on afternoons. Do less well than Starsky andHutch, and Colombo.mGovernment moves. THESE GUYS ARE NUTS, how can you afford such a sum of absurdities in the audiovisual field?There's a need for high visibility action. The Sozis had the death penalty- Loi Badinter. Chirac has only got TV- he certainly won't get rid of unemployment.GTimetable- new law by August, then the Commission. They will choose the5TFx/new La x groups. New channels to start next year.1P**** D******* -has done everything.x-xx.xx.xx.xxgNow runs a film and TV finance finance house SOFICA, since tax relief has been allowed for film making.dLa 5. No increase in work for the independents. Work should have spread, after the start. It hasn't.ZCanal +. Very little production. They are beginning to get involved in outside production.4D-G Pierre Lescure- friend of D****** -x-xx.xx.xx.xxHistorically- press and film world despised TV. Swinging round now from necessity- yanks have more than 50% of cinema receipts.PShowing films. 1st cinemas. 18 months, videos. 2 yrs coproductions. 3 yrs on TV.AT2 coproduce 20 films a year.Started with "5 Collonnes." Lower visibility than news. Never had any direct trouble, except with Salan i/v (understandable) ex CBS.7News would get phone calls from the ministry every day.'69-72. The Chaban thaw. Desgraupes was independent, answered only to the Board of Management, not to the DG. Post hoc control only. In 'xx Pompidou reverted to old type.&Freedom was shared by Baudrier at ATx.Each government would appoint their men. RPR sedimentary layers- still identifiable. "Mais la maison digere des cailloux". Even the placemen defend the show in the end.AT2 '81-84 Didn't try for a whole range of programming. Just do what seems right (classically) and see what happens. Did youth programmes- "Enfants du Rock", "Sex Machine". Physical fitness-"Gym Tonic". Make TV fashionable- make AT2 the one to watch.8TFx ont fait un tas de conneries- that was a great help.Bourges appointed roughshod over Haute Autorite. Lot of trouble (see Cotta). Played very rough. Bought up exclusivity of football. Haute Autorite made him go back on that.=The Commission is a step forward. Extends the powers (Cotta).?Will nominate heads of channels. Choose TFx and La x operators.Government traditionally nominated the channel heads. What results? Noone knows, there's never been a commercial network before in France. Possible to do decent stuff??"La Tele est a vous"- a load of crap. La Spoliation de la Tele.<The spoliation has been by Government for the past xx years. Soap opera\"Chateau Vallon" six months on ATx. Couldn't sustain. (Okrent- the public never liked it).[Drama- cost rules all everywhere nowadays. Coproductions. Minority share- so its not yours.Maupassant on TFx0Franco-Italian afternoon series. "La Citadelle".La Mafia. Young Doctors (!).mNo contemporary plays- there are no great authors available, no Pinter to work on TV. Always contempt for TV..Proud of "Les Dames de la Cote" Nina Companes.Canal +. Thought they'd just get rich audience because of the docoder at 120 Fr a month. Actually got C-, much more than they thought..Jose Freches -Chirac adviser. -x-xx.xx.xx.xxTimetable: August- lawSept- CommissionOct- Reallocate x, privatise xDCommission- next step on from Haute Autorite. Will have more powers.<Appoint members for x years, with half changing every three.MWill ensure continuity, even if politics and opinions change in the meantime.Members will be nominated from the great and good, by election in the various organs; President, Conseil d'Etat, Cour de Cassation, Senat etc.ATx present share of revenue from adverts is xx%. Should come down to xx%. FRx remains regional. Licence fee no longer covers TFx, so can cover the others better.!The real objective is to free TV.$Should have privatised xx years ago.pDidn't because there was always the fear of not controlling TV. Quite illusory that you can in an effective way.BSozis in 'xx completely took over. Journos not on Left got rid of.#(But they still lost the election).*After a time "il sont devenus plus sages".-There are questions: will they do everything?Finance- will they compete?They have calculated that there will be enough advertising. "Advertising in France is underdeveloped at present- there's more to come."La x. It was hard to get going.The results were not good.Popular culture:CSince 'xx, slipped into standard commercial pattern of competition.HToo many changes to get long running series that need long term support.Every new director General wants to impose his pattern. Noone understood the need for continuity that will be supplied by the Commission.CMust get local producers going- smaller, efficient units. Must have#Chx-like publisher of the airwaves.%Point de depart is the BBC/ITV model.;Christine Okrent -senior journalist, resigned.x-xx.xx.xx.xxoIncapacite culturelle de faire entrer la TV dans les moeurs, au sens profond du mot- dans le systeme politique.Debate is theoretical, abstract, theological. Politicians don't know what they're talking about, but they create an intellectual construct, and try to deal with that- and impose their solutions on the real world.0Only in France is there this theological debate.Verbal culture- the French intellos don't trust images. France is small and centralised. TV held to be a legitimate concern of the state.Professional milieu small, mediocre. In Britain, it was fashionable for bright people to go the the BBC or MI5, in France the opposite.4Recruitment political or corporatist. Les sediments.F"Apostrophes". L'important ce n'est pas les livres, mais les opinions.ASoap operas. Maigret. "Les medecins de la Nuit" ran for 10 years.FBerlusconi spectacolo- "Hollywood in Milan" didn't catch on in France.EGuy Lux the French style "mais il a du plomb dans l'aile maintenant."mThe bad old days. De Gaulle/Peyrefitte. The news running order was actually written in the Minister's office.4Chaban period- afterwards Pompidou wouldn't wear it.RSozis were prisoners of their rhetoric, and clumsy and inexperienced at the start.HJournos are used to trying to please; the habit will take time to break.Small cosy group.5P***** H**** A****** -AT2 chief of news.x-xx.xx.xx.xxOlivier Todd.x-xx.xx.xx.xxHMarceau Long. -senior civil servant, cleared up ORF after Conte. Now M-DAir Inter.x-xx.xx.xx.xxJack Lang -x-xx.xx.xx.xx/xBFabienne Servan-Schreiber. Ind prod. H.-x-xxxx.xxxx/O.-x-xxxx.xxxxQCanal x. Not much work for independent producers, but some for facilities houses.To start with, they were all Italian shows; they would get on the plane to Italy to make the programmes. Now they make them in France.+All game shows, plus bought-in Yank series.Asking around.Eric Durschmied. -x-xxxx.xxxxGMichele Cotta. Haute Autorite H.-x-xx.xx.xx.xx xx Bvd de Port Royal 5e. Hypocrisy.If they had wanted continuity, why did they zap the Haute Autorite? They could have modified it. Sozis have said they would return to the Haute2Autorite if they came back to power. All nonsense.HThere will be elections by next spring. What happens to TF1 then? Crazy.Extended powers in FCC-like sense, but less powers to make sure the broadcasters transmit the right stuff, like say IBA or Governors.Haute autorite managed for the first time to even out political content, even during elections. New commission would not be able to do this.tFCC is overwhelmed by 100,000 stations in USA. Won't happen in France, so the job is do-able. Haute Autorite did well. For example, Bourges was introduced to Mitterrand by Cotta, and was her choice, but badly handled by M. so it looked like he had imposed his choice. The disaster choice to succeed Desgraupes at AT2 was Mitterrand's- and the H.A. got him removed quickly.SFirst time in France they've tried to separate the powers (more than under Chaban).Desgraupes got her to do political portraits in Chaban period. Ministers objected to this "Socialist Journalist" but she did what she wanted- including first portrait of young Chirac. (Friends ever since).Working at France Inter, was called directly by Elysee, told to shape up and decide which side she was on. "Choisissez votre camp". She still did what she wanted- and Jacqueline Baudrier protected her.WHaute Autorite protects journalists now- but they still feel the pressure, as anywhere.Up to 69- stalinism69-72- Chaban step forward.72-79, Pompidou step back.79-81, Forward, Giscard.81-82, Sozi step back.82-86, Haute Autorite, forward.Politicians are looking for a balance that will suit them- they'll appoint the Commission with that in view. But the Comission will emerge as their own men.]The politicians are always furious when the independence they say they want manifests itself.vYesterday's stalinists are today's libertarians (e.g Peyrefitte). Publicity financing in France gives greater freedom.FLa 5 not a fair example- never had time to get self-confidently going.`News should be required of a channel. RTL+ have some news. France- RTL Lorraine have short news.>Movies, USA and Aussie series. Some French production- Hamster+Productions, Crystal Images. Small outfits.>Lost money for 14 years in Lorraine. Now make some in Belgium.PProduction may take off if the costs of e.g Dallas rise from 300,000 to 700,000.^TV is rising in cultural estimation. Authors were once solitary genuises, now that's changing.Real cost squeeze. There is real overmanning, and that's a good excuse for not increasing the license fee. But they are reluctant to fire people, so they cut production budgets. Vicious cycle must be broken.*Had to change something, but not this way.@Problems of Autorite/Commission. Pols all think they can run TV.With competition- dangers of de-prioritising news. Could shunted off to 2000. H.A stopped TF1 from doing that- although they had gained early audience. They were forced to bring news back to peak time.That's what has to be done.N****** W********. PR La 5. -1- 5 a success.Press hostile.'Receipts this year 480m Fr. Costs 800m.Expected to lose money the first year. When the Conseil d'Etat took away the permission for feature films, that was the worst moment.1Replaced with stripped USA series. Audience good.BFigures are all good. The 15% share in their area is ahead of FR3.BVA poll- of actual viewers, 66% are satisfied, 34% not. Strongly disapprove to taking away franchise (true also for non-viewers). 52% local production.{Studios in Porte de la Chapelle (C'est Bien la Vie, every day {!}), also at Europe 1. (5 sur 5, studio, invites et videos).Had to start production in Italy. Example "Cherchez la Femme" composite talent/beauty contest in various localities (local element) plus stars and studio show (Milan).;Cycle of progs four hours long, repeats four times (check).ILoss of feature films meant no French films shown- as against one a week.ECo-producing 9 films. With Granier Deferre (?) and Godard. 15 to 35%.The first time in history of France that a law has been used to overturn a public concession ruled legal by the Conseil d'Etat..ALL CHANNELS HAVE PROMOS. Can film at studios.0Pierre Lescure. Head, Canal Plus. -x-xx.xx.xx.xx@Subscribers- 1,100,000 by end of June. Getting 10-15,000 a week.Resubscriptions 92-95%.HSince March 86, positive cash flow- will have repaid start cash by 1988.2Started at 120F a month- now 145, will go to 150F.+Can pay on 6 month basis- 70% pay annually.-20 hours a day, 24 hours on weekends (check).(12-1400 & 18-2030 in clear with adverts.1 new feature a day (includes mini-series?) repeated 6 times in two weeks. No stripping series- one episode a week. All types of fiction.oFilms- prebuy, or co-produce. 25% of receipts go back to the film industry. 4-5 films coproduced in first year.Sport- especially boxing and football. Have exclusive on French Championship- because they wouldn't empty the stadiums. Much sport sponsorship.ZSOFRES do a daily survey- R.I. and audience. General penetration 6-7% in non-coded period.ItalyCBerlusconi. Production, influence. The tapes sent out. Tits & bums.Stripper housewives.Italian historyWhen did RAI start?What consequences of the war??When did they discover that the law allowed anyone to transmit?+What reach did RAI have before competition?M**** F******. CPU.7RAI never reached the status of a national institution,@and when it might have, the pirates then the privateers came in.HBerlusconi: microsecond delays so there is no simultaneous broadcasting.MTit'n bum is right. The law will be changed soon to legalise what he's doing.~RAI x news centre-right. RAI 2 is centre-left; by design. RAI 3 V-P is a communist. All political appointees. "Parachutistas".4License plus advertising- more adverts than Germany.:P****** S***** European Institute xxxxx-xx-xxxxxx/HxxxxxxBerlusconi-3 networks.xSpectacolo and old movies. No news operation, some current affairs, mainly talk shows with journos. No money spent here.See Allessandro Filj.All 3 Berlusconi channels are the same. If/when the new law is passed he'll have to give up one network, and he doesn't want to get left out of a profitable field. Keeping his options open.4Other channels mentioned in the TV programme papers:Tele Monte CarloEuro-TV'RAI. Tedious. Primitive and lousy news.!Spectacolo like private stations.Films'Drama the main effort- some good stuff.Current affairsMedical seriesNo indigenous soaps.4Hired people away from Berlusconi- jillions of lira.HRafaela- "show girl". Scandal over her fee, new scandal over "Rafaela inxAmerica". Many RAI people over there, many fat limos, supposed to be meeting US-Italians. Coproduced with the US. RAI 1.(Audience measured by RAI and by Nielsen. Parachutismo.TPresent RAI board of governors 3 years over their term. Govt can't get them changed.cRAI hierarchy- a collection of fiefdoms. You can't get in at all unless you belong to one or other.Craxi trying to appoint president of RAI to balance D/C director. Failed to appoint Carnitti, trying again with Manca, but D/C are stopping him getting his guys in.,S***** B*******. RAI xxxxxx-xxxxxx/xxxx+xxxx8Fentiman describes: Ex-communist 1930s. Perfect English.!"Italian TV are experts in shit".The real problem is mentality.GIn UK no politician can escape from the idea of the independence of TV.So a man is given tenure, cannot be arbitrarily interrupted. So his first thought is to make his mark, express his independence.In Italy, nomination is the rule. If a DC man is nominated, his first thought is for the people who nominated him. He must go back to the system and get on there afterwards.It's so hard for a coalition to nominate. Nominations are overdue- i.e. the 3 year overdue management board (set up by proportional party representation).HOther oversight is parliamentary committee to oversee functioning of RAIGWhen you look at functioning of the system here, you shouldn't think of/Britain, you should think of Ghana, or Nigeria.+Berlusconi. Has production difficulties. Two kinds of programmes. 1) Cheapo stuff on the market- Yank, Japanese soaps, v. cheap, nasty. 2) Spectacolo. Normally very well done in Italy. Most of the money is spent here. Better at this than RAI. Has discovered new talent, is more relaxed and flexible.YRAI Rafaela. Husband (ex) Buoncompagna. Ex RAI radio producer, kicked out, brought back to fight Berlusconi. The scandal was the super deal he got for her and her new husband. Showed RAI's ability, but too expensive. She's good, but you can find girls like her by the TON in Italy. Berlusconi does this. People freer and happier working for him.hUses electronics instead of very expensive physical sets, so B. saves money. All former RAI technicians.Berlusconi news- has no permission to do news- says he would like to do it, but not put to the test. Soon will be. News is expensive.H(15th-19th June Munich- Bayerischer Rundfunk at Circom Regional Congresscontact Herr Zimmerman)A**** F****. x-xxxxxx&In Rome till July 6- back end of July.See Sr VenturiniqRAI Documentazioni e Studi. Has complete record of what happened to the private companies. Approach through BBC.&David Willey BBC Rome -x-xxx xxxx/xxxxCRAI not just dependent on government, but on all political parties.Access to all including PCI.%Berlusconi Milan -x-xxxxx/xxxx/xxxxxxChef de cabinet Dottore Rivolta Bernasconi?-Huib Dejonghe- De Standaard. xxxxx-x-xxx xxxxGNews is forbidden: RAI and politicians have conspired to keep that withRAI.XBerlusconi- trucks ship the tapes. Most programmes made in Milan, x big studios in Rome.hMany many audience shows, formulae bought from the USA. Some spectacolo, but RAI do more big name shows.Berlusconi claims about 50% at peak time, up to 52%. RAI say he has 45-47%. Still many stations, but it changes from day to day, and time of day.ABerlusconi good rundown in "Variety" for week of April 25th '86.E*** P*** J****** XxxxxHVittorio Boni. Head of International Relations, RAI -x-xxx.xxxx/xxx.xxxx-Head of Fiat PR in London, Guilberto Ranieri.RAI- extensive moonlighting.GEvery project above a low ceiling goes through the board of management.hSchism between the selling and production arms. Enterprises want to get into making outside productions.Germany Hugh Greene.F"Battles of Broadcasting" Some pix of Hugh Green addressing meeting inHamburg, xxxx?BThe mayor of Hamburg telling him (Greene) he couldn't get his way.3Breloer -NDR Hamburg xx-xx-xxx.xxxx gen no. xxx.x9x progs prepared in July, TX this autumn. xst on history.Die Utopie der Fruhen JahrenSEarly material. "Trashy stuff" before the channels got properly organised. x films.!"Hungry for Reality" about docs..HSaw the UK docs. They had the money. Third channel- films and education.>The State Radio under Weimar- easy for Hitler to take it over.DHugh Greene's ideal for the German Radio- no political interference.Failed. Political parties took over the radio. TV- shared out posts down to the most junior level. Reporters are selected for their known party affiliation. Cowards, not good at their jobs. Not independent- bad situation.|Sat channels. Very poor. No minority programming. Bought in progs. "They smile more and more". Lots of winning. NOT SERIOUS.RAll entertainment. No threat to news. They have chances- "lots of good old films".F"Cable islands". Berlin, extensively cabled. Hamburg, total xx-xx,xxx.State networks "gave up before they were beaten". Now total chaos. Noone knows how many channels can be supported- but CSU support indies because they believe they will get political support from them.;But "What happens to our culture when the Yanks take over?"6Politicians don't have the knowledge to rule properly.-PTTs buy the sats, but don't know who'll pay.UBavaria state cable set up the system, but didn't adequately fund the programme side._Bavaria- "Like Reagan and Texas". They play "funny films" during the news. Breaking up the ARD. The Lander all fight each other.Dieter Hildebrandt cabaret on Chernobyl- live (xxth May?). Bavarian TV opted out "because they couldn't view it in advance". Conservatives for>Nuclear power- censorship. Bavarians buying the cassettes now.DHildebrandt in the past has attacked Strauss. Prog chief Herr Oller,%"decided not to take this live show".Precedents rare. xxxxs Lysistrata. xxxxs Stalingrad film- Bundeswehr objected. See Suddeutscher Zeeitung Munich. Carl Otto Sauer-xx-xxx xxxx.+Permission for clips- Peter von Ruden. NDR.#David Docherty BRU xxx.xxxx Ext xxxXGermany. Cabling by Bundespost. Now x x/x million reached. Breakeven of x m. by end 'xx."Advertising from xxxx-xxxx on ARD.ARD federation off Land companies. Have combined network. Also TX their own local shows. Bavaria trying to satellite their local show (quite illegally) and have been stopped by other Lander.HLicense fee xx.xx DM a month=BBC licence. Plus commercial revenue approx#xxx a year. Shared with ZDF.ZDF huge production complex. Money coming out of their ears. Contract out/in entertainement shows. Share and fund Dreisat with SSR and ORF. No revenue- a cultural satellite.ARD do Einsplus- another sat.NCommercial sats- Sat x. Shambolic. Press consortium. Getting its act together.RTL+bProblems in reacting to commercial competition. Federal structure of ARD means they have to agree any changes. Governors drawn from unions, local parties etc. Have caucus meetings before governors' meetings, come in mandated and inflexible. Conservative Lander want less license fee, more commercial competition, except Bavaria who want strong local ARD.FGreat problems reacting to entertainment channels. All their values inENews, Current Affairs and Docs. "They have no idea of entertainment."HThey don't have to fight for audience or resources, have become elitist.RThe commercial competition comes in at the bottom. Just like ITV/BBC in late 'xxs.#RTL+ has no news programmes at all.GSat x not in Eurovision- kept out by ARD/ZDF. Lousy news. Lots of cheap Yank stuff.&German producer doing picture history.$France- Raymond Kuhn QMC did report."Berlusconi i/v in Broadcast x/x/xxSeydoux to run Berlusconi channel. This was Mitterrand trying to get his placeman in before the election. Chirac has now thrown the competition open.fFrench inflexibility- tied to political considerations. Cannot flexibly adapt. Independence is not on.Italy. Illegal to broadcast nationally, but not locally. Berlusconi is concentrating the power, as always happens. Broadcast by cassette. Lots of tits and bums. Berlusconi imposing structure.RAI had a bad time.Philip Schlessinger on Italy.7Karl Otto Sauer. Sud Deutscher Zeitung. -xx-xxx.xx/xxxxXSat Eins/RTL both very commercial- old movies and imported series. A few new programmes.fIf it was hoped that liberalisation would bring in new popular programmes and culture- it's all wrong.9Sat x has some magazines- but old fashioned, nothing new.What actually changed the system was the pressure of CDU/CSU to change the system, and pressure from the big newspaper/publishing houses that wanted to get into broadcasting.Independents- some set up to make programme, but have had little success. (They all talk about the successes, reluctant to talk about failures). The independents still work ovewhelmingly for ARD/ZDF.sThere is a Society of Young Directors (?), but they have got an hour a month on the air. No way to survive on that.'Alexander Kloge-Director. -xx-xxx.xxxx2Arbeitgesellschaft Deutsche Spielfilm Produzenten.;Arthur Williams. Bradford University. xxxx.xxx.xxx Ext xxxx,"Broadcasting and Democracy in West Germany"NDR/WDR/HR were in the "Red Belt"- SPD controlled areas. Now SPD spread is less, but in xxxx the CDU/CSU really thought they had been cheated by hostile broadcasters.Political balance- not overt. There is no law, but it works through the boards. In 'xx, Bavaria reserved x/x of board places for political parties. Now, throughout (check). About xx on boards (check). x/x from religious groups, Trades Unions, farmers and employers' groups, publishing, women's groups etc. depending on local circumstance. xxxx Constitution totally federal, including culture.1Even ZDF based on a treaty ratified by xx Lander.The main limit on change is the Rechstrat constitutional court, that stops unconstitutional moves, and genuine public opposition as in?Bavaria, to original xxxx reform plans, that had to be changed.Hard to, innovate, create a popular culture. Everything on the national networks is carefully weighed. You can't have a Hugh Greene figure.(Cabling in Munich- director Muhl Senzel.Talk to:+Prof. Wolfgang Hoffmann-Riem -xx-xxx.xxx/x)Director, Hans Bredow Institute, Hamburg.AProf. Wolfgang Hoffmann-Riem. Hans Bredow Institut. H-xx-xxx xxxxKey to the systemIt is not in the German tradition and thought to fight for the independence of an organisation. More usual to relate back to outside society, such as a political party. Key to German broadcasting set-up.Brits and Americans took lead in trying to insulate German broadcasting from politicians. Politicians had great temptation to get back in control.Now: Legislature sends people to the boards. Parties have no direct access. Interest groups nominate directly. Alliances form on the boards at the lowest common denominator- politics. Freundeskreise. Concert their action to get a majority.Politics not more polarised, but because of the Press financial interest in Sat Eins, they highlight problems in the State channels.Sat Eins very close to ARD/ZDF programming, but more entertainment oriented- bought in Ami series and sport. They do try magazines etc, but on the old pattern. News much more human interest, less politics.~ARD/ZDF had an agreement of sorts to schedule some political shows opposite each other. All this is dead, because of Sat Eins.Black Forest Clinic part of reaction. The first popular soap- there have been many others. State channels trying to anticipate what Sat Eins will do. Programming has changed- will further. So will Sat Eins. In four years or so they will have converged.=State channels generally centre-left commercial centre-right.No extra minority programming.History xxxxs.lHard to prove, but there was a Left bias in the North, although never in the South. The Dutschke generation.DReporters- new from universities, and others sensitive to the times.CNow, all right wing over all. In all stations there is only one SPD>Intendant- all others are CDU. All the presidents are CDU/CSU.Journos find it very hard to express critical Left views. Suppress their own political views- maybe they should, but this leads to a suppression of criticism.F"Proporz" reflects strength of groups on the boards, originally at the/top, but now very far down to journalist level.@Greens find it ideologically hard to compromise in Freundkreise..As a result, they have no influence on Boards.Spain Opening out.SwedenMaintaining all-state systemPeopleB.R.U. xxx xxxx Ext xxx M*** T******)M****** Fe****- Community Programme Unit. Sat channels.6Satellite/cable reach. Cable and Satellite Europe 4/86Sky. F*** W**** PR. xxx xxxx'Claim 41% Sky productions (UK & Europe)%Only 38% US, 13% Aussie, 2% Canadian.(Says not worried by Commission proposal.%Pop shows- 14 versions of "Sky Trax".US series (Mork and Mindy). Can't TX UK material (copyright at least). 3 music shows live. Starting to make videos. Some location shooting now in London wth David Jensen.?From Sept, new studios in London at Carlton TV, St John's Wood.Amsterdam, John de Mol productions. Biggest disco in Europe in converted cinema- shooting shows there. Coproducing with TROS- Dutch network, one show in Dutch, one in English, they sat English version. Eurochart show. Presenter Linda de Mol. Wed TROS, Sat Sky. Starting Oct.8Music and childrens' shows (also de Mol) near Hilversum.RDutch law on adverts being challenged in courts. Would be eliminated by Directive.Audience- potential 6.4m:Reach- 24 hour, 12%. 7 day, 36%. 14 day, 43%. 13 week, 69%@Sport- have Eurorights for Italian div.x and US World Federation Wrestling..Uplink BT Teleport Woolwich. BT International.&Paytel N**** B***** M-D. xxxxx xxxxx/xSmart card system.Nearing end of development.9Sept-Oct field trials- Scandinavia and Italy. Yugoslavia.1Channel 74, extreme North Italy. 3 race circuits.&Italian trials with horserace station and betting shops. Italian agents Antenna Centrum, Milan. Sr Minetti. Card put into credit at cashpoint (hire shop). Decoder can be disabled off air. Card indicates what shows were seen. Channel can do deals on percentage profit basis with programme maker.